History of Atlanta Essay Example for Free

History of Atlanta Essay Even by the standard of America, Atlanta is a young city. Even before it became a settlement, such cities like Cincinnati, Charleston, Chattanooga and New Orleans were already thriving cities. Atlanta can be said to be a bright, aggressive and brash town with the rough ages smoothed by time. The city dashes with the charm of the south. Atlanta has a unique and proud heritage despite its relatively young age and has a past that is worth being preserved. Even though Atlanta was in the South, it was not however of the south from the beginning. It begun as a small railway crossing. As such, it was established as a railway terminus. The culture, values and mores of the town resembled those of the frontier towns of the Old West than of the cities of the Old South. The catalyst for its growth and economy still remains transportation. The city always attracted men and women who possessed vision from the beginning, the opportunists who possessed the foresight to offer the facilities that would make Atlanta become one of the most important cities in the Southeast. The Creek and Cherokee Indians owned the land that is now Atlanta some one hundred and fifty years ago (Robert, 1981). When the first white settlement was founded on the banks of the Chattahoochee River near the Indian village of Standing Peachtree, the United States was well into war. This was in the year eighteen twelve. The white people and the Indians lived together until the year eighteen thirty five when the leaders of Cherokee nation consented under the Treaty of New Echota to leave their lands and move west. During this period, the Cherokee lands were officially under the possession of Georgia, an act that resulted into the infamous Trail of Tears. Farmers and craftsmen from the mountains of North Georgia, Carolinas and Virginia were the early settlers in the area of Atlanta. These early settlers were in most part hardworking and deeply religious. Through lottery disbursements, they came to possess their lands. They lived in harmony and peace with their Indian neighbors. They also owned a few slaves. They built schools and churches. They often traveled to Decatur to trade besides marketing their cotton in Macon which was a hundred miles to the south. In the antebellum south, this society was as close to being termed yeoman as possible. In the metropolitan Atlanta area, some of their pre-Civil War churches, homes, mills and cemeteries are still in existence. The inception of Atlanta was the integration of necessity and geography made possible by the steam engine. The construction of a trade route from the coast of Georgia to the Midwest was voted by the Georgia General Assembly in the year eighteen-thirty six. It was meant to be a state railroad which was to facilitate trade between the state and other regions. The terminal for the railroad was to be at the sparsely populated Georgia Piedmont. It was to run from a particular point on the Tennessee line close to the Tennessee River, starting near Rossville to a point on the Southeastern bank of the Chattahoochee River that could be easily accessed by the branch railroads (Reed, 2006). The name of the railroad was to be the Western and Atlantic Railroad of the State of Georgia. Stephen Harriman Long, an army engineer with a wealth of experience, was offered the task of finding the most practical route foe the new rail line. He chose a site that was eight miles south of the river. The Indian trails and connecting ridges converged at this point. This point that he chose proved to be just the right site with an ideal climate. The stake was driven near the present Five Points in Downtown Atlanta. Atlanta is positioned in the Piedmont Plateau with an elevation of one thousand ands fifty feet yet no natural barriers can impede on the growth of the city. Atlanta grew developed like the towns in the West between the periods that long drove his stake on the ground and the beginning of the civil war. Gold was stroke in the rail lines instead of mining. Opportunists, salesmen, merchants, craftsmen and land speculators were soon attracted by the railroad workers little settlement which was aptly named Terminus. What followed were the warehouses, ironworks, textile industry, sawmills and banks. The city later came to be called Marthasville in honor of the Governors daughter. However, prominent citizens considered this mane to be too long and bucolic for the progressive city and hence were changed to Atlanta. The patterns of settlement were slowly being formed. A substantial merchant residential community known as Mechanicsville thrived around the rail yards. Near the White Hall Tavern grew the West End. Luxurious home begun to be built on Marietta, Whitehall, Broad, lower Peachtree and Washington Street as residential avenues of important citizens begun to be established. However, pre-War Atlanta was not a quiet business community. According to Franklin Garrett, the town was classified as tough even as the number of good, moral citizens increased. The city distinctively developed as a railroad center with vices that were characteristic to rough frontier settlements. Gambling dives, brothels, resorts and drinking were normal in the city and the sporting elements were insulting on their defiance of the public order (Robert, 1981). When the Civil War erupted, Atlanta was already an important city. It had a population of more than ten thousand individuals, banks, manufacturing and retail shops, four rail lines, banks, carriage and wheelwright shops, three thousand eight-hundred homes, tanneries, warehouses, mills and iron foundries. It became an important shipping and supply center for the Confederacy. It also possessed the facilities which made it necessary for the Union forces, led by Sherman, to seize and destroy it. In July 1864, General William Tecumseh Sherman began his campaign from Chattanooga to Atlanta. The city surrendered to his forces on September 2 after a series of battles and a siege of the city lasting for a month. The city was on fire not because of Union shells but mainly due to the box of explosives that the retreating Confederates blew up. Evacuation of the city and the destruction of buildings that could be used by the confederates were ordered by Sherman. By the time Sherman started his march to the sea, the only structures left standing in Atlanta were about four hundred buildings. The city became a ghost town of ashes and rubble. When the residents came back and begun rebuilding the town, the city was still smoldering. The residents came back with a new and stronger spirit than before. Their confidence in the future of Atlanta grew and within five years after the holocaust, the city was rebuilt and its prewar population redoubled. The city adopted a new form of architecture which waxes popular during that era since the original antebellum architecture was almost entirely destroyed during the period of the war. However, some of the few fine whitewashed columned mansions that were in downtown Atlanta survived even though others were later destroyed to provide room for state and city buildings. The limits of the city were originally circular and extended one mile from the zero milepost. Its initial expansions were circular too. The demographic patterns of the city were reestablished as before the war. West End continued to thrive as a residential business community of the upper class. Along the Peachtree and Washington Streets, wealthy white citizens established and built Victorian mansions. Prosperous black enclaves also developed despite the fact that segregation existed in the city. These enclaves were concentrated along Auburn Avenue after 1906. Summerhill, Vine City and many other residential pockets around the central city emerged as black neighborhoods. The city experienced rapid growth from the time that the Civil War ended through the last decade of the nineteenth century. The central business district expanded from Union Depot toward the it’s limits by the end of eighteen seventy (Best of Images of America, 2000). The city was dissected by a path of railroad tracks which converged in the lower downtown gulch. The flow of traffic over the tracks was facilitated by the construction of a network of viaducts that were planned in the turn of the twentieth century and completed twenty five years later. The business district was moved to another level by the viaducts which led to the establishment of another area that is presently known as Underground Atlanta. For the railroad depots, a simple utilitarian Italianate architecture was encouraged and this influenced so much the design of the design of the commercial buildings that were constructed before the turn of the century. The foundation of Atlantas economy within this period still became the railroads. This continued through to the Second World War when emphasis shifted to truck and air transport. The citys growth was spurred by transportation and private enterprise. In the final decade of nineteenth century, new rail lines were added to the citys network. Its dominance as southeasts railroad center became established with the consolidation of ten radiating lines within that decade which included divisions of Southern Railway totaling five. With the recession and depression of the economy of the nation in the nineteen eighties, a series of fairs and expositions were staged by an Atlanta promoter to attract business in this area. In an attempt to establish a new economic base in the postwar south, the International Cotton Exposition was staged in 1881. Atlanta was advertised as a commercial and transportation center by the Cotton States and International Exposition of 1895 which made Atlanta to emerge as one of the major cities of the Southeast. The Exposition became recognized worldwide and by 1903, many regional and national companies had their headquarters in Atlanta. The growth of Atlanta as an industrial base, contrasting it with the rest of the south which was inclined toward agriculture, came as a result of the fair and exposition. Industrial complexes were established along the rail lines, textile mills also came south and mill villages were also constructed to house the workers. The residential perimeters also expanded with the introduction of horse drawn street car in the 1871. There was also the emergence of several private developers. Among the notable private developers was Joel Hurt who built the fast skyscraper in Atlanta. He also established the first planned residential suburb in Atlanta. Atlanta adopted the Chicago school of architecture in the establishment of skyscrapers of elevator buildings. The citys skyline was transformed from the picturesque High Victorian to a collection of multipurpose skyscraper office buildings and hotels. These new buildings attracted a large railroad and insurance. Atlantas distinctive personality is offered by the early commercial buildings and the Victorian and post-Victorian settlements that were build between 1890 and 1930. Atlanta in the southeasts capital city, a future city with strong ties to the past, its soul being the old in the new, a heritage that enhances the quality of life in a modern city.

A Heavy Dosage: The Pharmaceutical Industry Essay -- Health, Medicatio

Of all the booming businesses in recent history the pharmaceutical industry makes the largest profits of any industry; making approximately three times more than the average fortune 500 company (Silverstein). At the forefront of the drug industries rise is the United States. The United States accounts for nearly half of the world’s pharmaceutical market, and the benefits are evident. The United States is seeing record high life expectancy along with an all time low death rate (â€Å"Life Expectancy at All Time High†). Countless lives have been bettered and saved because of the pharmaceutical industry and the medical advances made within. However, people must remember that the pharmaceutical industry is as much a business as anything. Like any business they are looking to profit and the best interest of the consumer is not always the top priority. Despite the opposition of eager clients, the pharmaceutical industry is in need of reform and more government regulation. Every year 100,000 Americans die from prescription drugs; not including accidents or wrongly prescribed drugs, all these deaths are the results of side effects from properly prescribed and taken drugs (Perdomo 1). That number hasn’t gone down over the last decade and won’t decrease until action is taken. Much of this is due to insufficient testing on drugs before being released. The testing process is too quick to discover many of the long term side effects that a drug may cause. Resulting in 250-300 drugs a year approved by the FDA being recalled (Greve). The standard procedure includes three phases of testing. However, not all drugs go through all phases of testing. If the early tests are successful the FDA often approves it prematurely. Also, if a drug is a minor altera... ...testing of prescription drugs is more rigorous and in-depth, better prescription drugs will reach the market and the ones with devastating effects can be filtered out. If the clinical testing was done by non-profit organizations and the FDA more closely monitored the process, the corruption could be ended, ensuring that only safe drugs are approved. Some government enforced guidelines placed on drug companies will protect Americans from the schemes of the industry along with lowering prices; resulting in more affordable medication for the average citizen. More government control will also end the deceiving marketing tactics used by drug companies. The government involvement will take away the financial motives behind deceptive marketing. Making these changes will utilize all the good the pharmaceutical industry has to offer and eliminate many of the problems.

Osmosis in Different Concentrations

I am going to investigate osmosis when potato is placed in different   concentrations of sucrose. I am aiming to witness osmosis in 5   different concentrations of sucrose. I will use 5 varying concentrations so that I have a wider spread to compare the results,   and check that I don’t have any anomalies Prediction Osmosis  is the process of diffusion of water molecules from a weaker   solution into a stronger solution, through a semi  permeable membrane.The tiny pores in the membrane of the potatoes will allow the water   molecules to go in and out of the potato cell, depending on the   concentration gradient between the potato and the sucrose solution. If   the  water concentration  is lower in the potato than in the sucrose   solution, then water will pass from the sucrose solution into the   potato, and it will gain weight.If there is a higher concentration of   water in the potato, then the water will go out of the potato and into   the sucr ose solution, as osmosis is the movement of water molecules   from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration,   through a semi permeable membrane. So, I predict that the higher the   concentration of sucrose, the lower the weight of the potato as water   from the potato diffuses into the sucrose solution. Predicted graph of results: [IMAGE] Apparatus * 6 test tubes * 6 different concentrations of sucrose solutions * Potato Potato cutter/core * Digital measuring scales * Measuring cylinders * Knife * Test tube racks * Tissue paper Method I will need 1 piece of potato in each tube. As there are 15 tubes I   will have to calculate how many pieces I will need altogether. I think   this would be a suitable calculation: 1Ãâ€"15=15. So, I will pierce out   some pieces of a potato using a core, and then cut 15 slices with a   knife. Then I will measure 10ml of each of the 6 sucrose solutions   using a measuring cylinder. I will be given these differe nt   concentrated solutions in the general laboratory.I will label the   tubes 1 to 15 and fill each one with 10ml of the solution. Tube 1-3 will have a concentration of 0 Tube 4-6 will have a concentration of 0. 4 Tube 7-9 will have a concentration of 0. 8 Tube 10-12 will have a concentration of 1. 2 Tube 13-15 will have a concentration of 1. 4 I will measure each slice on the measuring scales to identify each   potato slice with its weight before and after immersion in the   sucrose. Having measured each slice on the scale and recorded its   weight, I will then place the slices in the test tube containing the   solution for 24 hours.Then I will empty the solution from the test   tube by pouring it in the sink and remove the potatoes by hand and   place them one by one on the scale. For accuracy, I will make sure   that I wipe off any excess solution on the scale before placing each   new slice on it. I will record the weight after placing them in the   soluti on for 24 hours. This process will be repeated for tubes 1 to 15   and the results will be noted in a table and then plotted on a line   graph. I will make this a fair test by only varying the concentration of   sucrose and the size of the potato slices, but keeping everything else   the same.The same potato must be used for the whole experiment or   otherwise, the results would differ as the age and sizes might be   different, which means one potato might have more water in it than the   other. I will use a 10ml measuring cylinder so that I can accurately   measure the exact amount of sucrose needed. As the cylinder measures   different sucrose solutions, it has to be washed out each time I measure   another 10ml of sucrose for the next tube, because it may be   contaminated with the different sucrose’s.All the tubes will be kept for   the same time, in the same place, so that the uncontrollable   temperature would not affect the tubes separately. I will not be able to control: * Temperature – because I won’t be in the laboratory for 24 hours,   and the temperature could change in the night, or morning. *Temperature of solution- because I was not able to obtain a thermometer and I was not in the laboratory for 24 hours so it could change. * Weighing scales – because these are digital and therefore, it   produces results by itself. I will be able to control: Concentrations of sucrose – they are already measured * Time – I will do the experiment, and come back the next day at the   same time, and promptly record the results *weight of the potato- I weighed the potato slices before the experiment. For safety in the laboratory, I will be very careful using the sharp   knife which I will be using to cut the potatoes with. I will make sure   that I have an overall so that my clothes don’t get dirty if the   solutions spills. I will remember not to put potatoes or sucrose in my   mouth as they might have been infected by chemicals in the lab, which   are poisonous.I will measure the weight of the potato in grams, and the concentration of sucrose in percentage. I am expecting everything to work out well as I have a perfectly good   method but if I feel that the results may be wrong, I will repeat my   experiment. Preliminary results These are my results: This experiment supports my plan and prediction. The carrot gains   weight in normal water, and decreases weight in concentrated sugar   solutions. By doing this experiment, I believe that my method is good, and it   will work. I think I should specifically be aware of the scales,   because they alter a lot.However, this was carried out at home, so   the cooking scales may have not been so accurate, as accuracy is not   very important in cooking. Results these are my first results. They proved to be wrong. This mistake   would have been made my human. I assume that I used two different   scales, and have got all the weights jumbled up. The weight taken at   the beginning is also not correct, so I may have made a mistake right   from the start. Concentration of sucrose. | Weight before| Weight after| 0| 1. 28| | 0| 1. 33| | 0| 1. 29| | 0. 4| 1. 29| | 0. 4| 1. 27| | 0. 4| 1. 2| | 0. 8| 1. 31| | 0. 8| 1. 3| | 0. 8| 1. 3| | 1. 2| 1. 29| | 1. 2| 1. 37| | 1. 2| 1. 27| | 1. 6| 1. 26| | 1. 6| 1. 3| | 1. 6| 1. 31| | Conclusion I found out that as the concentration of sucrose increases, the weight   of the potato decreases. In water it gained 1. 26 grams, but in 1 Sucrose   solution, it lost 0. 16 grams. My prediction supports my conclusion. I have calculated the average change in weight to have a simple, clear   idea where the experiment is leading me to. Instead of having a large   number of weights, I combined them into one by averaging them.I found   the average by adding the weight gain/loss for each tube and divided   it by three. To find the percenta ge, I multiplied that decimal by 100. I drew a line graph, and then a line of best fit, which is sloping   downwards, negatively. This proves that the weight is getting lower as   the percentage of the sucrose concentration is getting higher. In my investigation I found a definite relationship between the 2   variables – weight and concentration of sucrose. Any increase in   sucrose concentration led to a decrease in weight. The prediction is supported by the evidence of the graph.Although   there is one anomaly, all the other results stand out and give a   straight line of best fit – exactly as I predicted. The point of   early plasmolysis is where the concentration of sucrose and potato   are even. There is no osmosis taking place at that point. As I said in   my plan, if the water concentration is lower in the potato than in the   sucrose solution, then water will pass from the sucrose solution into   the potato, and it will gain weight. If the re is a higher concentration of water in the potato, then the water will go out of   the potato and into the sucrose solution.This is because osmosis is   the movement of water molecules from a region of high concentration to   a region of low concentration, through a semi permeable membrane. The up raise of sucrose is the downfall of potato mass. [IMAGE] Osmosis In osmosis, water diffuses through a semi-permeable membrane. This diagram illustrates the concentrated sugar solution, separated   from dilute sucrose solution by a selectively permeable membrane. This   has pores (holes) in it which are very small, and selects what it   wants to let through i. e. small molecules.Water molecules are very   small. Each one is made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. However, sugar molecules are many times larger. In potatoes, the pores   of the membrane only let the water through. There is a higher concentration of sugar molecules on the right-hand   side of the mem brane in the diagram, than in the left-hand side. Sugar   molecules would diffuse from the concentrated solution into the dilute   one until they were evenly spread out if there was no membrane, but   they cannot do this as the pores are too small for the sugar to get   through the membrane.Therefore, the small water molecules diffuse   into the concentrated sugar solution, to make it more dilute. This process is called osmosis. It is the diffusion of water molecules   from a place where they are in a higher concentration, to a place   where they are in a lower concentration, through a selectively   permeable membrane. Potato cells plasmolyse in concentrated solutions. This diagram   illustrates a plant cell[IMAGE] (which is similar to a potato cell) in   a concentrated solution. It will lose water by osmosis. The cytoplasm   and the vacuole will shrink.The cell membrane is semi-permeable and the vacuole contains a sucrose   solution. So when a cell is placed in distilled water (high   concentration) water will move across the semi-permeable membrane into   the cell (lower water concentration) by osmosis, making the cell   swell. This cell is called ‘turgid’. In potato cells, the cells would   increase in length, volume and weight because of the extra water in   the potato. If the potato was to be placed in a lower concentration, then the   opposite would happen, because water would move out of the cell into   the solution.If the solution is very concentrated, then a lot of water will diffuse   out of the cell. The cytoplasm and vacuole will keep shrinking, but   the cell wall will not as it is too stiff. As the cytoplasm shrinks   further and further into the centre of the cell, the cell wall gets   left behind. The cell membrane, surrounding the cytoplasm, tears away   from the cell wall. If this happens, the cell is said to be   plasmolysed. The potato will therefore, decrease in length, volume and   weight. Plasmolysis is the point where the membrane is totally detached from   its ell wall, and the potato is killed. Evaluation my experiment shows some accurate results. It concludes the experiment, and proves my prediction. My   final results were quite reliable; due to the precautions I took to make this  a fair test. The graph has a straight slope pointing downwards, which is the   clearest way to understand my prediction. All of them are not that   closely together, neither far away, so a line of best fit joins some   tips of the points, and causes it to go straight down.I have one anomalous result, which falls on 0 on the x axis. This   occurred in tube 5, which contained a concentration of 0. 4. Perhaps I did not   carry out that properly. These were the main problems in carrying out the experiment:- * Scales kept moving * Difficult to get out the potato from the core * Potatoes get stuck in tube. * Solution is still left after wiping the potato and the scales * Different scales * couldn’t control the temperature the point of early plasmolysis would not be valid.This is because   I have just plotted it on the graph on a line which suits my results. To prove that it is the right point, I would have to do another   experiment to find that out. The other evidence is likely to be valid, because as all the evidence   links to the results. My investigation is fair because I did not   change many things, expect the concentration of sucrose. I think that I have collected quite a lot of evidence to support my   conclusion. The result table is the main source of evidence.I could   try investigating with more percentages of sucrose concentration, the   size of the potato and have more short intervals between the sucrose’s. This would have a more spread to the results, and therefore, results   can be compared and evaluated more thoroughly. They would be very   accurate as well as reliable. As I have an anoma ly, my evidence may not be extremely correct. I   would have to do more research to what I have already done (in the   conclusion) on osmosis, and see what actually happens, and see if it   occurs in plant cells all the time.If I were to repeat the experiment, I would use a very accurate scale,   so that results would come out accurately and then I would have a accurate   average. The graph will be fairly accurate. I would also make sure   that the scale and the potato slices are properly wiped. This is   because if they are not wiped, the weight would increase, and will not   be accurate. I could use a syringe or a burette to measure the 10ml of   sucrose solution, because those two apparatus are very accurate.I would do several more experiments with bigger sizes of potatoes to   obtain more evidence to support my conclusion. I will also do some   research on osmosis, and this will make me certain of my evidence if I   have many to compare with. I will agree with the majority. Overall, I am very pleased with these results and with the evidence I   have so far, that osmosis occurs when there is a high concentration   and a low concentration, both aside a semi-permeable membrane. The   lower concentrated substance diffuses through the membrane to where   there is the higher concentrated substance.

Young People From An Ethnic And / Or Low Socio Economic...

Executive Summary This report was commissioned to examine the overrepresentation of young people from an ethnic and/or low socio-economic background in Victorian news media. It will draw attention to the fact that ‘much of the publicised concern over youth gangs is linked to the ethnic backgrounds of particular groups of young people’ (Perrone White 2000, 1). It will look at the example of media sensationalism, specifically in Victoria, and how young people are being represented in the news, mostly around speculation. Furthermore, it will also comment on the lack of research on this issue within Victoria, and how this has caused a negative stigma on the young population. A review of the current literature will also be involved,†¦show more content†¦Through an analysis of current literature on the topic, as well as examples of relevant news reports, a conclusion will be made as to whether this is a existing problem and if so, how to potentially solve it. Certain recommendations w ill be suggested in order to help bring this type of bigotry and negative connotation to an end in the near future. It’s important as this sort of ethnic and socioeconomic bias can cause a rift within society, leading the public to abandon those who are most vulnerable as a result of the blame being directed at them. While this is a problem that has been around for a while, and will take some time to dissipate, it is still vitally imperative to the balance of society, particularly that of Victoria. In addition, as there has been limited research on this subject, it is important that awareness is brought forth in order to present the seriousness of the issue. Research Issue/Research Problem In different news media, there is often a focus on young people as perpetrators or at the centre of criminal activities, particularly those who hang around in groups. However, through observation it can be seen that those who come from ethnic and/or low socioeconomic backgrounds or neighbourhoods are particularly targeted as a result of journalistic bias and popularised negative stereotyping. For example, it has been seen in different reports that ‘the media often focuses on

Bristol Blenheim in World War II

The Bristol Blenheim was a light bomber used by the Royal Air Force during the opening years of World War II. One of the first modern bombers in the RAFs inventory, it conducted the first British air attacks of the conflict, but soon proved highly vulnerable to German fighters. Outclassed as a bomber, the Blenheim found new life as a radar-equipped night fighter, maritime patrol aircraft, and a trainer. The type was largely withdrawn from frontline service by 1943 as more advanced aircraft became available. Origins In 1933, the chief designer at the Bristol Aircraft Company, Frank Barnwell, began preliminary designs for a new aircraft capable of carrying a crew of two and six passengers while maintaining a cruising speed of 250 mph. This was a bold step as the Royal Air Forces fastest fighter of the day, the Hawker Fury II, could only achieve 223 mph. Creating an all-metal monocoque monoplane, Barnwells design was powered by two engines mounted in a low wing. Though dubbed the Type 135 by Bristol, no efforts were made to build a prototype. This changed the next year when noted newspaper owner Lord Rothermere took an interest. Aware of advances overseas, Rothermere was an outspoken critic of the British aviation industry which he believed was falling behind its foreign competitors. Seeking to make a political point, he approached Bristol on March 26, 1934, regarding purchasing a single Type 135 in order to have a personal aircraft superior to any flown by the RAF. After consulting with the Air Ministry, which encouraged the project, Bristol agreed and offered Rothermere a Type 135 for  £18,500. Construction of two prototypes soon began with Rothermeres aircraft dubbed the Type 142 and powered by two Bristol Mercury 650 hp engines. Bristol Blenhiem Mk. IV GeneralLength: 42 ft. 7 in.Wingspan: 56 ft. 4 in.Height: 9 ft. 10 in.Wing Area: 469 sq. ft.Empty Weight: 9,790 lbs.Loaded Weight: 14,000 lbs.Crew: 3PerformancePower Plant: 2 Ãâ€" Bristol Mercury XV radial engine, 920 hpRange: 1,460 milesMax Speed: 266 mphCeiling: 27,260 ft.ArmamentGuns: 1 Ãâ€" .303 in. Browning machine gun in port wing, 1 or 2 Ãâ€" .303 in. Browning guns in rear-firing under-nose blister or Nash Thomson FN.54 turret, 2 Ãâ€" .303 in. Browning guns in dorsal turretBombs/Rockets: 1,200 lbs. of bombs From Civil to Military A second prototype, the Type 143, was also built. Slightly shorter and powered by twin 500 hp Aquila engines, this design was ultimately scrapped in favor of the Type 142. As development moved forward, interest in the aircraft grew and the Finnish government inquired regarding a militarized version of the Type 142. This led to Bristol beginning a study to assess adapting the aircraft for military use. The result was the creation of the Type 142F which incorporated guns and interchangeable fuselage sections which would allow it to be used as transport, light bomber, or ambulance. Bristol Blenhiem prototype. Public Domain   As Barnwell explored these options, the Air Ministry expressed interest in a bomber variant of the aircraft. Rothermeres aircraft, which he dubbed Britain First was completed and first took to sky from Filton on April 12, 1935. Delighted with the performance, he donated it to the Air Ministry to help push the project forward. As a result, the aircraft was transferred to the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment (AAEE) at Martlesham Heath for acceptance trials. Impressing the test pilots, it achieved speeds reaching 307 mph. Due to its performance, civil applications were discarded in favor military. Working to adapt the aircraft as a light bomber, Barnwell raised the wing to create space for a bomb bay and added a dorsal turret featuring a .30 cal. Lewis gun. A second .30 cal machine gun was added in the port wing. Designated the Type 142M, the bomber required a crew of three: pilot, bombardier/navigator, and radioman/gunner. Desperate to have a modern bomber in service, the Air Ministry ordered 150 Type 142Ms in August 1935 before the prototype flew. Dubbed the Blenheim, the named commemorated the Duke of Marlboroughs 1704 victory at Blenheim. Bristol Blenhiems of No. 62 Squadron at Singapore, February 1941.   Public Domain Variants Entering RAF service in March 1937, the Blenheim Mk I was also built under license in Finland (where it served during the Winter War) and Yugoslavia. As the political situation in Europe deteriorated, production of the Blenheim continued as the RAF sought to re-equip with modern aircraft. One early modification was the addition of a gun pack mounted on the aircrafts belly which featured four .30 cal. machine guns. While this negated the use of the bomb bay, it allowed the Blenheim to be used a long range fighter (Mk IF). While the Blenheim Mk I series filled a void in the RAFs inventory, problems quickly arose. Most notable of these was a dramatic loss of speed due to the increased weight of the military equipment. As a result, the Mk I could only reach around 260 mph while the Mk IF topped out at 282 mph. To address the problems of the Mk I, work began on what was eventually dubbed the Mk IV. This aircraft featured a revised and elongated nose, heavier defensive armament, additional fuel capacity, as well as more powerful Mercury XV engines. First flying in 1937, the Mk IV became the most produced variant of the aircraft with 3,307 built. As with the earlier model, the Mk VI could mount a gun pack for use as the Mk IVF. Operational History With the outbreak of World War II, the Blenheim flew the RAFs first wartime sortie on September 3, 1939 when a single aircraft made a reconnaissance of the German fleet at Wilhelmshaven. The type also flew the RAFs first bombing mission when 15 Mk IVs attacked German ships in Schilling Roads. During the wars early months, the Blenheim was the mainstay of the RAFs light bombers forces despite taking increasingly heavy losses. Due to its slow speed and light armament, it proved particularly vulnerable to German fighters such as the Messerschmitt Bf 109. Blenheims continued to operate after the Fall of France and raided German airfields during the Battle of Britain. On August 21, 1941 a flight of 54 Blenheims conducted an audacious raid against the power station at Cologne though lost 12 aircraft in the process. As losses continued to mount, crews developed several ad hoc methods for improving the aircrafts defenses. A final variant, the Mk V was developed as a ground attack aircraft and light bomber but proved unpopular with crews and saw only brief service. A New Role By mid-1942, it was clear that the aircraft were too vulnerable for use in Europe and the type flew its last bombing mission on the night of August 18, 1942. Use in North Africa and the Far East continued through the end of the year, but in both cases the Blenheim faced similar challenges. With the arrival of the De Havilland Mosquito, the Blenheim was largely withdrawn from service. The Blenheim Mk IF and IVFs faired better as night fighters. Achieving some success in this role, several were fitted with the Airborne Intercept Mk III radar in July 1940. Operating in this configuration, and later with the Mk IV radar, Blenheims proved capable night fighters and were invaluable in this role until the arrival of the Bristol Beaufighter in large numbers. Blenheims also saw service as long-range reconnaissance aircraft, thought they proved as vulnerable in this mission as when serving as bombers. Other aircraft were assigned to Coastal Command where they operated in a maritime patrol role and aided in protecting Allied convoys. Outclassed in all roles by newer and more modern aircraft, the Blenheim was effectively removed from frontline service in 1943 and used in a training role. British production of the aircraft during the war was supported by factories in Canada where the Blenheim was built as the Bristol Fairchild Bolingbroke light bomber/maritime patrol aircraft.

HM Analysis - 1227 Words

Introduction In this report, an inside look will be taken on Hennes Mauritz AB (HM). We will analyse on it using PESTEL, Porter’s Five Forces and SWOT to get a clear concept of what HM is today and where it can go. This positioning will be helpful in strategy designing. Company activities HM was established in Và ¤sterà ¥s, Sweden in 1947 by Erling Persson. We now sell clothes and cosmetics in around 2.200 stores around the world. * HM offers fashion and quality at the best price * HM offers fashion for women, men,teenagers and children. * HM also sells own-brand cosmetics, accessories and footwear * HM doesnt own any factories, but instead buys its goods from around 700 independent suppliers, primarily in†¦show more content†¦2. Innovation HM sells the latest trend. It adapts to every age and also to the tastes and needs of its customers. 3. Market share leadership HM adopts and implements better technologies immediately, whenever they become available, regardless of whether or not any other organizations are currently using them. 4. Strong financial position Due to the entry into new markets around the world, H M has achieved a better economic position. - Weaknesses 1. Large volumes of buying They buy large volume of garments direct from the manufacturer; they have very few middle man and efficient logistics. 2. No real focus on a target customer HM sells in department stores, offering clothes for men, women and children of different ages, so it does not focus on a single market segment. - Opportunity 1. Trend of E-Purchasing More and more people have experienced shopping online and there are a increasing number of people who prefer E-Purchasing. 2. Fashion trend of more environment-concerned People are taking more and more consideration on environmental stuff. HM has done quite well in sustainable improvements. (Activities about this are shown in the appendix.) 3. Trend of crossover There is a trend of crossover in fashion field. In HM, there are existing collaborations with designers, such as with Karl Lagerfeld, Stella McCartney, Viktor Rolf, Roberto Cavalli, Comme des Garcons, Mathew Williamson, Jimmy Choo and Sonia Rykiel. - Threats 1. Exchange rateShow MoreRelatedHM Analysis4725 Words   |  19 PagesContents____________________________________________________ Executive summury Company analysis 1.1 Company Description 1.2 Key Financial Data 1.3 Ethical Position and Recent News 2.1 S.W.O.T Analysis 3.1 Peer Benchmarking 3.2 Porter’s Generic Strategies 4.1 Conclusion 4.2 Recommendation Appendix: Team Reflection References Additional Appendices 1.1 Company Description___________________________________________ Hamp;M is a leading brand in producing frontline affordable fashionRead MoreHM SWOT Analysis3898 Words   |  16 PagesHM Analysis Summary HM is a Swedish company founded in 1947. It is a family owned company controlled by Stefan Persson and family. HM act in the fashion industry and are one of the really big global players with 2078 stores in more than 30 countries. In 2009 they launched HM Home which sells interior textiles through internet. Recently HM have launched several new store concepts. Other than the HM stores there are now also Weekday, Monki, COS and Cheap Monday stores. HM’s new concept storesRead MoreHM company analysis4098 Words   |  17 Pages1-2 1.0 Company Background 1.1 HM History 1.2 Products, Strategy, Vision and Mission Statement 2-3 2.0 Strategy Planning 2.1 Establishment Effectiveness of Vision, Mission and Goals 2.2 External Analysis 2.2.1 Opportunities 2.2.2 Threats 2.3 Internal Analysis 2.3.1 Strengths 2.3.2 Weaknesses 2.4 SWOT Analysis 2.5 Benchmarking 2.6 Hierarchy of strategy 2.7 BCG Matrix 4-9 3.0 Conclusion 3.1 Advice 3.2 Future Plan Reference History of HM HM were established in VasterasRead MoreHM Company Analysis Essay7159 Words   |  29 PagesCOMPANY ANALYSIS amp; PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION MARKETING MANAGEMENT BMKT601 TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 2. FAST FASHION 4 3. ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS 4 3.1. Political Factors 4 3.2. Economical Factor 5 3.3. Social Factors 6 3.4. Technology Factors 6 4. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 6 5. Hamp;M 8 6. STRATEGY 10 7. SEGMENTATION 11 8. TARGETING 13 9. POSITIONING 14 10. CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR 15 11. MARKETING 17 12. SUPPLY CHAIN 22 13. CONCLUSIONRead MoreHM Accounting Analysis Report2940 Words   |  12 Pages Business Analysis Overview The Swedish company Hennes Mauritz AB is the second largest clothing retailer in the world, just behind Spain-based Inditex (parent company of ZARA). The HM Group’s business consists mainly of sales of clothing, accessories, footwear, cosmetics and home textiles to consumers. In addition to HM Home, the group also owns several brands, as shown here, which make the company well-knownRead MoreHM- Brand and Distribution Strategy2245 Words   |  9 PagesBrand Analysis and Distribution Strategy by DIANA CAMPOS 1 Table of Contents 1. Intro: The HM Hennes and Mauritz AB Group 2. HM The Brand 2.1. Company Profile 2.2. Environment of the brand 2.3. Target consumer 2.4. Geographical extension 2.5. Turnover 3. Distribution Strategy 4. Conclusion Bibliography 3 3 3 4 6 6 7 8 10 11 2 1. Intro: The HM Hennes and Mauritz AB Group The HM Hennes and Mauritz AB Group is a Swedish multinational retail company, considered the second retailer in theRead MoreH M s Mission4131 Words   |  17 PagesProject- HM Part 1 HM’s Mission/Vision Hennes and Mauritz AB is a Swedish retail-clothing company, which has expanded enormously in the past years. HM has grown from one single store in a small town in Sweden to a multinational ranked as the second largest global fashion retailer with its 3,600 stores in over 58 countries and $22 billion in annual sales (The World’s). This incredible story of success makes us wonder about their strategies and how they managed to get where they are today. HM’s visionRead MoreHM Report2508 Words   |  11 PagesTable of contents 1. Introduction 2. Macro environmental analysis (PESTLE- political, economic, social, technology, legal, ecological) 3. Customer analysis 4. Market description 5. SWOT analysis (Strengths, weaknesses, opportunity, threats) 6. Conclusion and Recommendations 7. References P.1 D002 Read MoreZara vs H M - Competitor Analysis1655 Words   |  7 Pagesglobally to a standing of 1,671 stores. Zara Company has become an icon for Spanish fashion. BRAND IDENTITY : Hamp;M offering fashionable clothing for the best price. They mean that all people who want to be fashionable should have the right to be it. The price should not be a holdback. Hamp;M have a mission that it should be possible for everybody to find their personal style in Hamp;M ´s collection. The target group is everyone who is interesting in fashion. They offer a couple of different conceptRead MoreAbercrombie Fitch vs. HM: Financial Analysis848 Words   |  3 Pagesfollowing line items for its shareholder equity: common stock, paid-in capital, retained earnings, accumulated other comprehensive income and treasury stock. HM lists the following line items under its shareholder equity: share capital, reserves, retained earnings and profit for the year. There are some distinct differences. For example, on the HM statement, profit for the year and retained earnings (presumably from prior years) are listed separately, even though they are both forms of retained earnings

The Dividend Policy Test Free Essays

Q1. There are following assumptions to be used for Modigliani and Miller’s dividend irrelevancy theory. Which are the correct assumptions? (MRQ) There are no tax preferences Transaction cost is insignificant Directors convey all information to shareholders No inflation (2 marks) Q2. We will write a custom essay sample on The Dividend Policy Test or any similar topic only for you Order Now Select the appropriate option for the given statements relevant to irrelevancy theory. (HA) All shareholders want their wealth to increase TRUE FALSE As dividends are paid share price increases TRUE FALSE (2 marks) Q3. The process of manufacturing dividends in the dividend irrelevance theory refers to? (MCQ) Dividends received from a manufacturing company Sale of shares by the investors to earn dividends Plans set to earn a continuous return Creative accounting to pay a dividend (2 marks) Q4. The ‘dividends as residuals’ view of dividend policy are best described as (MCQ) Dividends are paid if the company generates profits greater than the prior year (The difference is residual) The profits made by the division of the company in a particular city should be paid to shareholders of the same city Dividends should amount to the entire annual profit less the amount paid in manager incentive schemes Dividends should only be paid out of cash flow after the company has financed all its positive NPV project (2 marks) Q5. In which situation does a residual dividend policy is likely to be applicable? (MCQ) A public listed company In a market norm where taxes on dividends are lower A small listed company seeking maximum capital growth for shareholders An unlisted family business where earnings are based on dividend income (2 marks) Q6. The companies have following payment history: 2015 2016 2017 Tuna Co (Dividend) 400 410 421 Tuna Co (Earnings) 800 800 801 Sauna Co (Dividend) 20 80 10 Sauna Co (Earnings) 40 160 20 Mona Co (Dividend) 0 100 0 Mona Co (Earnings) 200 150 300 The dividend policy for each company is? (HA) Tuna Co CONSTANT GROWTH CONSTANT PAY-OUT RESIDUAL Sauna Co CONSTANT GROWTH CONSTANT PAY-OUT RESIDUAL Mona Co CONSTANT GROWTH CONSTANT PAY-OUT RESIDUAL (2 marks) Q7. Juju Co. director has given the following statement at the annual general meeting â€Å"In my childhood, I got a rise in my half-yearly allowance from my father and I expected it to continue in the future. The shareholders expect the same to have a rise in their dividends†. Which of the following supports the statement of the director? (MCQ) Dividend irrelevancy theory Dividend dependency theory Director is concerned about the company liquidity Director indicates a signaling effect on dividends (2 marks) Q8. Which of the following given below relate to Dividend relevance theory keeping in mind having an imperfect capital market? (MRQ) Taxes applicable on dividends ; capital gains are different Shareholders have not disclosed all information received to the directors No transaction cost is applicable Shareholders would like a stable or growing dividend policy (2 marks) Q9. Which of the following factor affect the shareholder in setting its dividend policy? (MCQ) The local laws ; regulations given by the government The repayment of new debt finance in 10 years The deflation effect The demand for customers products (2 marks) Q10. A scrip dividend is a: A dividend paid at a fixed rate on the face value of the shares A dividend paid at a fixed percentage rate on the market value of the shares on the date that the dividend is announced A dividend payment that converts in a form of new shares instead of cash A cash dividend that is variable and is decided upon by the directors and approved by the shareholders (2 marks) Q11. Select appropriate option in relation to scrip dividends. (HA) It can save the company’s cash if a number share options are taken up by the shareholders ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE Scrip dividends may trigger a negative signaling effect ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE (2 marks) Q12. Which of the following is a drawback of a share repurchase scheme? (MCQ) Increase in earnings per share Increase in gearing The possibility of a takeover is reduced Some shareholders may suffer tax on capital gain after the purchase of shares (2 marks) DIVIDEND POLICY (ANSWERS) Q1. There are no tax preferences (Assumption) Transaction cost is insignificant (Assumption) Directors convey all information to shareholders (Assumption) No inflation, MM theory does not state anything about the existence or otherwise of inflation Q2. All shareholders want their wealth to increase TRUE As dividends are paid share price increases FALSE All the shareholders are concerned about their wealth increment whether by capital gains or by the dividend. The share price decreases as dividends are paid because if there will be no retain earnings left by the company new equity will have to be raised resulting decrease in share prices. Q3. B Q4. D The residual theory states that if a company can identify positive NPV projects it should invest in them. Only when these investment opportunities are exhausted should dividends be paid Q5. C Residual income will not give a reliable income is geared to financing investments that provide capital gains. Q6. Tuna Co CONSTANT GROWTH Sauna Co CONSTANT PAY-OUT Mona Co RESIDUAL Tuna Co dividends grow at 10% per annum. Sauna Co pays a 50% of its earnings as dividends Mona Co dividends are not connected with earnings so their policy is residual Q7. D Q8. All others are correct except for No transaction cost Taxes applicable on dividends capital gains are different Shareholders have not disclosed all information received to the directors No transaction cost is applicable (Applicable only if there is a perfect capital market) Shareholders would like a stable or growing dividend policy Q9. A The local laws regulations given by the government The repayment of new debt finance in 10 years. The repayment of previous debt should be considered rather than the new debt finance. The deflation effect. The consideration should be of inflation effect rather than deflation as deflation is a benefit The demand for customer products. Dividends are given to shareholders rather than to customers. Q10. C A dividend paid at a fixed rate on the face value of the shares would most commonly be a preference dividend. A cash dividend that is variable and is decided by the directors and approved by the shareholders is a definition of a normal dividend. Q11. It can save the company’s cash if a number share options are taken up by the shareholders ADVANTAGE Scrip dividends may trigger a negative signaling effect DISADVANTAGE Q12. D Increase in earnings per share, through a reduction in the number of shares in issue.(Advantage) Increase in gearing, Repurchase of a company’s own shares allows debt to be substituted for equity, so raising gearing. (Advantage) The possibility of a takeover reduced, Share repurchase might prevent take over as this can enable the company to withdraw from the market. (Advantage)   Some shareholders may suffer tax on capital gain after the purchase of shares (Disadvantage) How to cite The Dividend Policy Test, Papers